Політики памʼяті як фактор транскордонної напруги: аналіз сучасних Азійських кейсів

Оксана Сідлецька

Політики памʼяті як фактор транскордонної напруги: аналіз сучасних Азійських кейсів

Анотація

Метою дослідження було визначення впливу політик памʼяті країн Азії на формування регіональних конфліктів. У дослідженні було використано порівняльний аналіз, дискурсивний аналіз офіційних наративів памʼяті та контент-аналіз політичних документів і комеморативних практик. У роботі було досліджено концепції та класифікації політик памʼяті. Аналіз кейсів показав, що офіційні версії історичних подій та комеморативні практики не лише формують суперечності, а й безпосередньо впливають на сучасні дипломатичні відносини. У випадку розділу Британської Індії розбіжності в історичних наративах Індії та Пакистану продовжують підігрівати напругу, що проявляється у прикордонних зіткненнях у Кашмірі, дипломатичних блокадах та протистоянні на міжнародних майданчиках, зокрема в Організації обʼєднаних націй та Шанхайській організації співробітництва. Японська агресія в Азії у ХХ столітті залишилась джерелом розбіжностей між Японією, Кореєю та Китаєм, що виявляється у взаємних економічних санкціях, постійних суперечках щодо історичних подій та періодичних дипломатичних демаршах. Військові конфлікти між Камбоджею та Вʼєтнамом демонструють довготривалий вплив колоніального минулого: спогади про військові дії та окупацію знаходять відображення у напруженості на кордоні, обмеженнях у торгівельних відносинах та політичному суперництві за вплив у межах Асоціації держав Південно-Східної Азії. Важливо, що політики памʼяті не лише впливають на внутрішньополітичні процеси, а й відіграють ключову роль у міжнародній політиці і зовнішньополітичній ідентичності країн. Аналіз тенденцій свідчить, що використання історичної памʼяті як інструменту політичної легітимації або мобілізації націоналістичних настроїв сприяє не лише загостренню конфліктів, а й формуванню довготривалих барʼєрів для регіональної інтеграції та міжнародного співробітництва. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані для розробки стратегій управління історичною памʼяттю з метою зменшення міждержавної напруги, сприяння діалогу та примиренню, а також для формування політик, які запобігатимуть маніпуляціям історичними наративами у зовнішній і внутрішній політиці

Ключові слова

історичні наративи; регіональний конфлікт; дипломатія; національна ідентичність; комеморативні практики

Використані джерела

[1] Adams, T., Heimann, G., & Kampf, Z. (2024). How do states reminisce? Building relations through bonding narratives. Cooperation and Conflict, 59(1), 47-65. doi: 10.1177/00108367231177795.

[2] Ahmad, M. (2019). Understanding India–Pakistan relations: Memory keeps getting in the way of history. Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 23(1), 69-80. doi: 10.1177/0973598418804289.

[3] Asian Military Review. (2024). Modernization initiatives to spur Vietnam defense budget at 5.6% CAGR over 2025-29. Retrieved from https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2024/03/modernization-initiatives-to-spur-vietnam-defense-budget-at-5-6-cagr-over-2025-29-forecasts-globaldata/.

[4] Australian Institute of International Affairs. (2019). Hun Senʼs glorification of 7 January must be rejected. Retrieved from https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/hun-sens-glorification-7-january-must-be- rejected/?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

[5] Bagarella, G. (2023). Curating memory: Cold-War narratives in museums and memorials in Taiwan, Vietnam, South Korea, and Cambodia. In K.P. Tan (Ed.) Asia in the old and new cold wars (pp. 25-53). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-7681-0_2.

[6] Batista, M. (2024). Dispute settlement in Southeast Asia. Retrieved from https://www.cejmfgv.com/post/dispute-settlement-in-southeast-asia.

[7] Batrymenko, O., Tkach, O., & Vasko, S. (2024). Collective memory as a factor of civil society activation. Political Life, 1, 11-18. doi: 10.31558/2519-2949.2024.1.2.

[8] Black, S. (2024). Vietnam War. Retrieved from doi: 10.1093/obo/9780190280024-0130.

[9] Boginska, I.V. (2021) Memory conflicts in international relations. Regional Studies, 24, 103-109. doi: 10.32782/2663-6170/2021.24.14.

[10] Cambodia protests against Vietnamʼs Road construction projects in border area. (2015). Retrieved from https:// www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/cambodia-protests-against-vietnams-road-construction-projects-in-border-area-07012015142551.html.

[11] Chheang, V. (2015). How Cambodian nationalism is driving border disputes with Vietnam. Retrieved from https:// eastasiaforum.org/2015/10/16/how-cambodian-nationalism-is-driving-border-disputes-with-vietnam/.

[12] Chhengpor, A. (2019). Border spat shows Cambodia-Vietnam relations tested, while Chinese influence grows. Retrieved from https://khmer.voanews.com/a/border-spat-shows-cambodia-vietnam-relations-tested-while-chinese- influence-grows/4754214.html?utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=redirect&utm_source=voacambodia.

[13] Clarke, D. (2020). Cultural diplomacy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.543.

[14] Dubey, I. (2021). Remembering, forgetting and memorialising: 1947, 1971 and the state of memory studies in South Asia. India Review, 20(5), 510-539. doi: 10.1080/14736489.2021.1993709.

[15] Enaim, R., & Alamy, Y. (2023). Cultural diplomacyʼs effectiveness in boosting mutual understanding. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 6, 108-113. doi: 10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.12.14.

[16] Fridman, O. (2020). Conflict, memory, and memory activism: Dealing with difficult pasts. In The Palgrave encyclopedia of peace and conflict studies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_38-1.

[17] Fukuoka, K., & Takita-Ishii, S. (2022). Judging the past: Memory, others, and intergenerational responsibility among the Japanese youth. Memory Studies, 15(4), 798-826. doi: 10.1177/17506980211049901.

[18] Gensburger, S., & Lefranc, S. (2020). Beyond memory: Can we really learn from the past? Cham: Palgrave Pivot. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-34202-9.

[19] Goldenstein, K.O. (2023). Memory politics as a resource of symbolic politics. Bulletin of the Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University. Series Political Sciences, 8, 66-71. doi: 10.31558/2617-0248.2023.8.10.

[20] Government of Pakistan (2024). Budget in brief 2024-25. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan Finance Division.

[21] Gudz, V., & Sytnyk, O. (2023). Comprehensive study of national memory and historical policy in the international dimension (review of the monograph). East European Historical Bulletin, 26, 207-218. doi: 10.24919/2519-058X.26.275197.

[22] Gustafsson, K. (2020). Understanding the persistence of history-related issues in Sino-Japanese relations: From memory to forgetting. International Politics, 57, 1047-1062. doi: 10.1057/s41311-020-00219-7.

[23] Horban, O., & Martych, R. (2020). The phenomenon of historical memory in the context of the genesis of historical methodology. Skhid, 5(169), 13-17. doi: 10.21847/1728-9343.2020.5(169).215014.

[24] Huang, S., Lee, H. & Vickers, E. (Eds.). (2022). Frontiers of memory in the Asia-Pacific: Difficult heritage and the transnational politics of postcolonial nationalism. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

[25] Hunt, L. (2024). Review of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal, power politics, and resistance in transitional justice, by J. Bernath. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 46(1), 183-185. doi: 10.1355/cs46-1.

[26] Huth, P., & Kim, S. (2021). Why is a pathway to peaceful resolution of the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute so elusive? In The Dokdo/Takeshima dispute (pp. 13-38). London: Brill Nijhoff. doi: 10.1163/9789004447899_003.

[27] Inam, M.Z.B. (2023). Re-visiting the traditional conflict: Analysis of Kashmir dispute using constructivist framework. ISSRA Papers, 15(1), 49-59.

[28] Jo, Kh. (2024). The Second World War in Japanese historical memory, the Korean question, and the making of post-war American order. In East Asian international relations in history (pp. 125-157). Singapore: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-4832-7_5.

[29] Kailing, X. (2024). The affective life of the Nanjing Massacre: Reactivating historical trauma in governing contemporary China. Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 11(3). doi: 10.1086/717688.

[30] Kapila, S. (2024). Learning to remember: The Indian partition of 1947. In Postmemory and the partition of India. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-43397-9_1.

[31] Kaur, H., & Jaggi, P. (2023). Intergenerational trauma in the context of the 1947 India-Pakistan partition. Psychological Studies, 68, 374-387. doi: 10.1007/s12646-023-00730-w.

[32] Kelly, T. (2024). Japan ministers visit controversial war shrine on World War Two anniversary. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/japan/japan-ministers-visit-controversial-war-shrine-world-war-two-anniversary-2024-08-15/.

[33] Kiernan, B. (2024). Anti-colonial and civil conflict in Cambodia: From the First World War to the First Indochina War. Journal of Contemporary Asia. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2024.2426574.

[34] Kim, S.K. (2021). The Senkaku Islands dispute between Japan and China: A note on recent trends. Ocean Development & International Law, 52(3), 260-273. doi: 10.1080/00908320.2021.1957242.

[35] Klymenko, L. (2022). The international politics of memory. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.664.

[36] Koh, E. & Takeshima, T. (2020). The long-term effects of Japanʼs traumatic experience in the Second World War and its implications for peace in Northeast Asia. New England Journal of Public Policy, 32(5), article number 5.

[37] Levine, B. (2013). Glendale approves Korean “comfort woman” statue despite protest. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/socal/glendale-news-press/news/tn-gnp-me-glendale-approves-comfort-woman-statue-despite-japanese-protest-20130709-story.html.

[38] Main Statement by Samdech Techo Hun Sen “Demarcation of Land Boundary and Maritime Delimitation between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam”. (2012, August). Retrieved from https://pressocm.gov. kh/en/archives/101676.

[39] Marchenko, O., Pushonkova, O., Kondratieva, I., Hladun, O., Kolomiiets, O., Kalinichenko, B., & Sipko, L. (2024). The phenomenon of collective memory in the semantic contexts of post-modernity. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 15(3), 271-280. doi: 10.70594/brain/15.3/21.

[40] Mesmer, P. (2024). Japan: Former admiral appointed head of controversial Yasukuni shrine. Retrieved from https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/02/japan-former-admiral-appointed-head-of-controversial-yasukuni- shrine_6667083_4.html#.

[41] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (1993). Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary. Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/rp/page25e_000343.html.

[42] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (1995). Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama “On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the warʼs end”. Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/press/pm/murayama/9508.html.

[43] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2015). Japanʼs efforts on the issue of comfort women. Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/postwar/page22e_000883.html.

[44] Min-uck, C. (2012). UN scretary general calls for dialogue on Dokdo. Retrieved from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/20120813/un-scretary-general-calls-for-dialogue-on-dokdo.

[45] Mr. Jinnahʼs presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. (1947). Retrieved from https://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/constituent_address_11aug1947.html.

[46] Murphy, M. (2022). Entangled memories of two world wars. Asia-Pacific Journal, 20(11), article number e5. doi: 10.1017/S1557466022019027.

[47] Myadar, O., & Davidson, R.A. (2020). Remembering the “comfort women”: Geographies of displacement, violence, and memory in the Asia-Pacific and beyond. Gender, Place & Culture, 28(3), 347-369. doi: 10.1080/0966369X.2020.1715351.

[48] Nguyen, B. (2024b). From silence to remembrance: Vietnamʼs shifting approach to China. Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/silence-remembrance-vietnam-s-shifting-approach-china.

[49] Nguyen, H. (2024a). Conflict recovery in socialist utopia: A critical analysis of Vietnamʼs postwar reconstruction policies through a visual interpretation of 1976-1986 propaganda posters. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 44(1), 160-178. doi: 10.1177/07439156241246243.

[50] OEC. (2023). Vietnam-Cambodia trade. Retrieved from https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/vnm/partner/khm?dynamicBilateralTradeSelector=year2023.

[51] OpIndia. (2022). PM Modiʼs big push on decolonization as India celebrates 75th year of Independence. Retrieved from https://www.opindia.com/2022/08/pm-modi-big-push-decolonization-75-years-independence-day-speech/.

[52] Osaka cuts San Francisco ties over “comfort women” statue. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45747803.

[53] Pasquier, F., & Sawada, M. (2025). Discourses of Japanese history textbooks: From doxa to critical thinking. In M. Sawada & F. Andres (Eds.), Impacts of museums on global communication (pp. 45-86). Hershey: IGI Global Scientific Publishing. doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-2129-4.ch003.

[54] Pawell, A. (2018). Getting to the why of British Indiaʼs bloody partition. Retrieved from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/04/harvard-scholars-take-fresh-look-at-the-partition-of-british-india-which-killed- millions/.

[55] PM reaffirms purpose of the border demarcation between Cambodia and Vietnam. (2024). Retrieved from https:// www.khmertimeskh.com/501534502/pm-reaffirms-purpose-of-the-border-demarcation-between-cambodia-and- vietnam/.

[56] Q&A About the Takeshima Dispute. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/na/takeshima/page1we_000066.html.

[57] Reaksmey, H. (2016). Cambodia calls on Vietnam to end “encroachment”. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/cambodia-calls-on-vietnam-stop-encroachment/3478438.html.

[58] Reuters. (2024). South Korea protests Japanese leadersʼ offerings to Yasukuni shrine. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-protests-japanese-leaders-offerings-yasukuni-shrine-2024-04-21/.

[59] Rugo, D. & Parish, N. (2021). Memories from the margins: Violence, conflict and counter-narratives. London, UK: The British Academy.

[60] Ryall, J. (2020). Comfort woman statue in Berlin angers Japan. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/en/japan-comfort-women-korea-berlin-sexual-slavery-world-war-ii/a-55117648.

[61] Seo, J. (2024). Korean officials boycott Sado Mines memorial service in Japan. Retrieved from https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-11-24/national/diplomacy/Korean-officials-boycott-Sado-Mines-memorial-service-in-Japan/2184874.

[62] Setyowati, H., & Nurulita, A. (2023). The role of ASEAN in dispute Resolution between Thailand and Cambodia. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia, 2(1), 149-170. doi: 10.15294/ildisea.v2i1.66152.

[63] Sharafat, A., & Rajesh, Y. (2024). Kashmir has been transformed, Indian PM says on first visit in five years. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/india/kashmir-has-been-transformed-indian-pm-says-first-visit-five- years-2024-03-07/.

[64] Siddi, M., & Klymenko, L. (2022). Historical memory and foreign policy (1st ed.). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-15194-1.

[65] Slyusar, V., Mosiyenko, O., & Slyusar, M. (2024). Historical memory as a mediation factor for resolving irredentical conflicts in the world. International and Political Studies, 1(2), 59-63. doi: 10.26642/sas-2024-1(2)-59-63.

[66] Sokvy, R., & Zeiner-Morrish, O. (2025). Why Cambodia has started distancing itself from Vietnam. Retrieved from https://vietnam-aujourdhui.info/2025/02/06/why-cambodia-has-started-distancing-itself-from-vietnam/.

[67] Sreevatsa, V. (2022). National identity and war: The case of India and Pakistan. European Journal of Social & System Studies, 3, 87-104. doi: 10.47362/EJSSS.2022.3106.

[68] Statement by the Prime Minister of Pakistan H.E. Imran Khan to the Seventy-fifth Session of the UN General Assembly. (2020). Retrieved from https://mofa.gov.pk/press-releases/statement-by-the-prime-minister-of-pakistan-h-e-imran-khan-to-the-seventy-fifth-session-of-the-un-general-assembly-25-september-2020.

[69] Talbot, I. (2019). Legacies of the partition for India and Pakistan. Politeja, 16(59), 7-25.

[70] Talustan, Z. (2023). A “New era” in Vietnam-Cambodia relations. Retrieved from https://www.ankasam.org/anka-analizler/a-new-era-in-vietnam-cambodia-relations/?lang=en.

[71] Tam Sang, H., & Thao My, M.V. (2024). How the “Politics of gratitude” inflames Cambodia-Vietnam relations. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2024/06/how-the-politics-of-gratitude-inflames-cambodia-vietnam-relations.

[72] Tanaka, H. (2020). Historical narratives of East Asia in the 21st century: Overcoming the politics of national identity. New York: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781003010555.

[73] Tavares de Oliveira, V. (2024). The formation of the Indian state and its post-colonial condition: Field, capital, and doxa. In Necropolitics, habitus, and the Kashmiri resistance: We are here still. Global political sociology (pp. 55-92). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-52367-0_2.

[74] Thun, T. (2021). “Invasion” or “liberation”?: Contested commemoration in Cambodia and within ASEAN. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and National Studies of Southeast Asia, 9(2), 219-235. doi: 10.1017/trn.2020.17.

[75] Trading Economics. (2023). Cambodia military expenditure. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/cambodia/military-expenditure.

[76] Treaty on the State Border between the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Tajikistan. (2025, March). Retrieved from https://eng.sectsco.org/20250313/1713241.html.

[77] Union Budget. (2024). Budget 2024-25. Retrieved from https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/union-budget-2024-25.

[78] United Nations. (1996). Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, in accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1994/45. Retrieved from http:// hrlibrary.umn.edu/commission/country52/53-add1.htm.

[79] Vasylevska, T., & Bevz, T. (2024). Constructing a policy of national memory: Ideas, meanings, accents. Political Studies, 1(7), 135-158. doi: 10.53317/2786-4774-2024-1-7

[80] Xiaolian, S., Siraj, U., & Din, A.U. (2024). Modiʼs Hindutva policy and its impact on Indo-Pak relations. Margalla Papers, 28(1). doi: 10.54690/margallapapers.28.1.236.

[81] Zhuo, Ch. (2024). China protests Japanese govtʼs offering, visit to Yasukuni Shrine. Retrieved from http://eng.chinamil. com.cn/VOICES/16331515.html.

[82] Zubrzycki, G., & Woźny, A. (2020). The comparative politics of collective memory. Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 175-194. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054808.

ЦИТУВАТИ

Sidletska, O.M. (2025). Memory politics as a factor of cross-border tension: An analysis of contemporary Asian cases. Foreign Affairs, 34(2), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.59214/2663-2675.35(2).2025.86